Young's modulus = 1 × 10⁵; Poisson's ratio = 0.3.

Boundary conditions:

The rigid surface is constrained in all degrees of freedom. When the contact between two deformable surfaces is considered, the nodes at 0 in Figure 1.3.42–2 and the nodes at 0 in Figure 1.3.42–3 are constrained in all degrees of freedom.

Loading:

For the models illustrated in Figure 1.3.42–1 and Figure 1.3.42–2:

• Step 1: A nonuniform displacement, , is applied in the negative x-direction on the surface of 2.0 when solid elements are used. is the displacement at node 14, and d is the distance measured from node 14. When shell elements are used, a nonuniform pressure, , is applied on the surface of 2.0. is the pressure at the element containing node 14, and is the distance measured from node 14 to the center of an element.

• Step 2: Two ends of the contacting surfaces ( 0 and 12.0) are exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 800.0.

• Step 3: Increase the fluid pressure to 900.0 at both ends.

For the model illustrated in Figure 1.3.42–3:

• Step 1: A nonuniform displacement, , is applied in the negative y-direction on the surface of 2.0.

• Step 2: One end of the contacting surfaces, 2, is exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 550; and the other end, 14, is exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 800.

• Step 3: Increase the magnitudes of the fluid pressure to 650 from 550 and to 900 from 800, respectively, at both ends.